Non⁃waterlogged lacquered wooden artifacts refer to a class of archaeological finds unearthed from brick， stone or soil semi⁃arid burial environments that exhibit a moist but water⁃deficient state. Due to there being insufficient water to fill the wood’s pores， these artifacts display different deterioration characteristics from waterlogged lacquered wooden artifacts， such as completely rotten wood where the lacquer film becomes cracked， wrinkled and peels off. In this study we investigated the unique properties of non⁃water⁃saturated lacquered wooden artifacts from archaeological excavations， analyzed typical degradation patterns， and evaluated the current state of their conservation. The work draws on recent research in the preservaton of non⁃waterlogged lacquered wooden artifacts and the painted lacquered coffin from the Ming Dynasty tomb of Zhao Liang restored by the Capital Museum. We review conservation methods， challenges and limitations in this area. Our aim is to provide a valuable reference for the conservation of similar fragile lacquered wooden artifacts unearthed in China.

Immunological detection technology provides an innovative solution for the highly sensitive detection of silk residues in archaeological remains.Based on the degradation products and characteristic amino acid sequences of silk fibroin， we successfully prepared polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against silk fibroin. Subsequently， a methodological system was established， including enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， immunofluorescence microscopy （IFM）， colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips， and label⁃free electrochemical immunosensors.These techniques offer advantages such as high sensitivity， high specificity and rapid detection， enabling the precise identification of silk fibroin proteins in archaeological remains. Silk residues have been successfully identified in archaeological projects such as the “Nanhai No.1” shipwreck， Han tombs at the Changxing and Sujialong sites.In addition， the combination of immunomagnetic bead enrichment technology （IMBs） significantly enhanced the detection rate of low⁃abundance samples， providing strong technical support for the detection of silk residues in early tombs and sites.This review systematically summarizes the aforementioned immune detection techniques and research achievements， introducing the basic principles of various methods and their practical applications in detecting silk residues.The aim is to provide a reference for the micro⁃trace detection of other silk fabric cultural relics.

Bronze disease is a self⁃sustaining corrosion process involving cuprous chloride （CuCl） that occurs under oxygen⁃rich and high⁃humidity conditions. It is widely found in copper alloy artifacts and is considered one of the most destructive and challenging corrosion problems in the long⁃term preservation of cultural heritage. This study systematically reviews the progress in research into the corrosion mechanisms of bronze disease since the mid⁃20th century， summarizes the evolution of theoretical models and focuses on the critical role of relative humidity in the initiation and progression of the brone disease. The threshold values of environmental relative humidity are outlined. In addition， the effects of alloying elements—particularly tin （Sn）—on corrosion behavior are discussed. This review aims to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of bronze disease， to support the establishment of corrosion risk assessment frameworks， and to provide theoretical guidance for the conservation of bronze artifacts.

Earthen heritage sites are vital components of cultural heritage with irreplaceable historical and cultural value. Most earthen heritage sites are located in regions with seasonal freezing. Therefore， addressing freeze⁃thaw damage is essential. Freeze⁃thaw damage to earthen sites is primarily driven by moisture migration， ice lens formation， and the coupled effects of salt， heat， and stress. Compared to bare soil， vegetation cover has different effects on earthen sites. Positively， root systems enhance soil mechanical stability. Plant canopies reduce erosion and buffer temperature and humidity fluctuations. Negatively， strong transpiration intensifies the formation of desiccation cracks. The physicochemical actions of roots accelerate structural deterioration. The coupling mechanism between vegetation and freeze⁃thaw cycles is complex. The overall impact varies significantly depending on the plant species and regional environment. Current research faces several challenges， including insufficient long⁃term monitoring data and a lack of models that integrate multiple physical fields. Future work should focus on several key areas： establishing a threshold system for vegetation⁃freeze⁃thaw damage is needed， and developing intelligent predictive models is crucial. The ultimate goal is to enable scientific monitoring and protection through interdisciplinary approaches.

Risk management in cultural heritage conservation serves as the core pathway for achieving sustainable transmission of cultural heritage. In this paper， we systematically review the development and progress of risk management studies in China’s cultural heritage conservation. In the field of immovable cultural relics， the risk management model has evolved from an empirical emergency response to a systematic engineering approach that integrates multi⁃source monitoring technologies and intelligent algorithms. This has led to breakthroughs in dynamic quantitative assessment of multi⁃hazards and preventive mitigation strategies. For movable cultural relics， through the localized adaptation of international risk assessment models， a preventive protection framework has been established covering environmental control， material degradation prediction， and seismic protection systems. However， new challenges have emerged， such as ownership risks associated with digital collectibles. Current risk management research still faces bottlenecks， including insufficient applicability at grassroots levels， a lack of value quantification tools， and inadequate coverage of non⁃traditional risk sources. Future efforts should focus on technological democratization， innovation in assessment methodologies， and flexible institutional design to establish a Chinese-style risk governance paradigm with hierarchical prevention and control， serving the national cultural security strategy.

Conservation of cultural relics is of great significance， since it provides information that increases understanding of our historical inheritance. Adhesive bonding technology has been used for the conservation of cultural relics for a long time. In this work， the current status of the use of adhesive materials in the preservation of cultural relics has been reviewed， including their composition， characteristics， and applications. We also discuss the difficulties， challenges， and appropriate countermeasures concerning the direct application of modern adhesive technology in cultural relic conservation. Based on existing research achievements， strategies for further development in the use of adhesive materials in conservation are proposed. Finally， we suggest that future developments in cultural relic protection materials will require an integrated interdisciplinary approach.

The Dunhuang Chinese manuscripts hold a vital position in the study of Chinese civilization， and character⁃level annotation is of key significance for document digitization， knowledge mining， and cultural heritage preservation. This paper focuses on the automated recognition and annotation of Dunhuang manuscript images， conducting systematic research in three aspects： dataset construction， model training， and system development. A high⁃quality annotated dataset covering multiple manuscript volumes—with character⁃level bounding boxes and label information—was built to serve as a foundational resource for subsequent recognition and analysis tasks. Furthermore， a character⁃level annotation system integrating image preprocessing， layout analysis， character recognition， and manual proofreading was developed， significantly improving annotation efficiency and accuracy through text⁃recognition algorithms. The research outcomes have been applied to projects involving the collation and preservation of Dunhuang manuscripts， providing a transferable technical framework and practical experience for the intelligent processing of ancient texts.

Masonry mortar is one of the primary building materials for ancient masonry pagodas and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural stability of ancient pagodas. The components of masonry mortar from 21 ancient masonry pagodas of different historical periods in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces were analyzed. X⁃ray diffraction was used to analyze the mineral composition of the mortar， while chemical indicators including iodine⁃iodide reagent， Benedict's reagent， and Coomassie brilliant blue solution， were employed to detect the types of organic additives present in the mortar. Microscopic observation was used to identify the plant fibers mixed in the mortar. Compression tests on the reconstituted specimens were conducted to understand the mechanical properties of masonry mortar with different compositions. The research results show that the mineral components of most masonry mortars include quartz， feldspar， mica， calcite， and gypsum， with the primary raw materials being loess and lime. Some ancient pagoda mortars contain reducing sugars and protein⁃based organic additives， and a few were found to have， barley straw added. Compression tests on the reconstituted specimens show that among various masonry mortars， loess mortar has greater compressive strength and smaller elastic modulus compared to lime mortar. The addition of egg white can significantly increase the compressive strength and elastic modulus， and the addition of straw can enhance the compressive strength of the mortar.

Gellan gum is a microbial metabolic polysaccharide， featuring safety， non-toxicity， good stability， easy preparation and biodegradability. Microgel materials prepared from gellan gum possess both the water retention properties of microgels and the characteristics of the micrometer scale. To explore the effect of gellan gum microgel emulsions in the cleaning of palm leaf manuscripts， gellan gum microgel emulsions were prepared with a gellan gum content of 0.1% （mass fraction）， the concentration of the accelerant （sodium chloride） of 0.05 mol/L， and the crosslinking temperature of 80 ℃. The shear modulus of the microgel emulsion was 2.5-5 Pa within the range of 0.1%-1% shear strain， and the gel particle size was about 2.35 μm， indicating that it has high softness and can penetrate the leaf stomata and character engravings of the palm leaf manuscripts for deep cleaning. The palm leaf manuscripts， both before and after cleaning， were analyzed by three-dimensional video microscopy， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， infrared spectroscopy， pH value measurements， electrical conductivity measurements， and bending strength measurements. The results show that the gellan gum microgel emulsion has a significant cleaning effect， removing microorganisms， oils and mud stains on the surface of the palm leaf manuscripts. No large crystals or filaments were observed in the SEM images， and the electrical conductivity of the soaking aqueous solution after washing the leaves with the microgel emulsion was very low （99.5 μS/cm）， indicating that the residual amount of sodium chloride was minimal. Compared with cleaning with water or a water/ethanol mixture （with a volume ratio of 1∶1）， cleaning with the microgel emulsion causes less physical damage to the palm leaf manuscripts. These results can provide a scientific basis for the application of gellan microgel emulsions in the non-invasive cleaning and protection of plant fiber cultural relics.

In cultural relic evaluation， the assessment of technology suitability for specific application scenarios serves as a critical prerequisite for ensuring relic safety， efficient utilization， and sustainable transformation of outcomes. This study focuses on digital fingerprint technology for museum collections， aiming to evaluate its suitability for the identification and authentication of these cultural objects. Firstly， through comprehensive technical logic analysis， pilot demand investigation， and expert interviews， this work systematically identifies key assessment points for the technology's applicability and accordingly constructs an evaluation index system. Secondly， it integrates the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and entropy weight method to establish a weight assignment model that combines subjective and objective weighting approaches. Ultimately， a multi-tiered evaluation framework is developed， comprising three criterion layers， thirteen factor layers， and fifty-eight indicator layers. This system can be directly applied to assess the suitability of digital fingerprint technology for museum collections， providing a scientific basis for technological optimization and iterative refinement.

To investigate the relationship between weathering processes， cementation loss， and pore penetration mechanisms in the sandstone of the Yungang Grottoes， this study analyzed sandstone of the cave body sample and surface exfoliation fragments from Cave 9. Characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）， confocal Raman microscopy， and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results indicate that micromorphological alterations in diagenetic minerals are closely associated with weathering behavior， primarily manifested as changes in cementation， biotite alteration， and kaolinization of potassium feldspar. The synergistic effects of these microstructural mineral changes constitute the intrinsic mechanism underlying weathering pathologies observed in Cave 9. In minimally weathered sandstone， calcite（CaCO₃） serves as the primary cement， effectively binding diagenetic minerals； biotite［K（Mg，Fe）₃AlSi₃O₁₀（OH）₂］ and potassium feldspar［KAl（Si₃O₈）］ exhibit smooth surfaces and intact morphology. Conversely， weathered sandstone displays a loose structure， with the kaolinite predominating as thecementing agent. The relative calcite content is significantly reduced， while the kaolinite content increases. Biotite is present in only trace amounts， and the surfaces of potassium feldspar surfaces exhibit dissolution grooves with severe kaolinization. Under the influence of swelling stresses and other factors， cementation failure occurs， leading to particle collapse and consequent damage to the sandstone cultural relics.

The Pujin Bridge Site in Shanxi is the first large-scale ancient ferry site along the Yellow River excavated in China. It has yielded a significant number of large-scale iron artifacts， represented by the iron oxen， constituting the largest known iron artifact assemblage of its period discovered globally to date. In recent years， corrosion pathologies such as corrosion flaking， exfoliation， and cracking have emerged and intensified on these iron objects， necessitating urgent research into their corrosion behavior and conservation. Representative spalled corrosion layer samples from the iron oxen surface were analyzed using modern analytical techniques to characterize the corrosion morphology and phase composition. The results indicate that the spalled layers have become completely mineralized with no residual metallic substrate remaining. The corrosion products comprise α-FeOOH， γ-FeOOH， Fe₃O₄， γ-Fe₂O₃， and β-FeOOH. Chloride ion enrichment is prevalent within the corrosion layers. A combination of the analysis results with meteorological monitoring data from the site reveals the impact of environmental factors on the corrosion process. This study constitutes a critical component of preliminary conservation research， providing a scientific reference for understanding the corrosion mechanisms of large-scale outdoor iron artifacts and formulating effective conservation strategies.

The fire-gilded bronzes excavated from the Jiulongshan Han Tomb in Qufu are in urgent need of conservation and restoration due to severe corrosion. In this study， five fire⁃gilded bronze chariot and horse artifacts were selected to systematically investigate their material composition， manufacturing techniques， corrosion morphology， and corrosion product phases using a metallographic microscope， scanning electron microscope （SEM⁃EDS）， and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the thickness of the gilt layer ranges from 1.6 μm to 13.9 μm， and it is primarily composed of an Au-Hg-Cu ternary alloy. The presence of residual mercury confirms the application of the fire⁃gilding process. The copper matrix consists of a Cu-Sn-Pb ternary alloy， with grains exhibiting homogenized characteristics due to casting and gilding⁃related heat treatments. Corrosion states are categorized into two types： partial mineralization and complete mineralization. The cross⁃sectional structure， from outermost to innermost， comprises a diffusion deposition layer， a gilt layer， and a mineralized layer （with a transition layer present in some samples）. During corrosion， copper ions migrate through pores in the gilt layer， while tin becomes in situ via oxidation and lead accumulates at the surface. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the corrosion products include mimetite， arsenianpyromorphite， cerussite， azurite， malachite， and other phases， indicating that the fire⁃gilded bronze artifacts underwent corrosion reactions with soil⁃borne elements such as Cl and P during burial. This study provides scientific insights into the corrosion mechanisms and conservation⁃restoration of Han Dynasty gilt bronzes.

“Golden wire and iron wire” are generally regarded as a specific term for the glaze cracks on the porcelains from the heirloom Ge kilns. The Laohudong kiln has a close relationship with the heirloom Ge kiln， and the porcelain unearthed from it also has “golden wire and iron wire”. To explore the mechanisms of their formation， the celadons unearthed from the Laohudong kiln site in Hangzhou were selected as the research object， and the celadons from the “Nanhai No. 1” shipwreck were used as the comparison sample. The morphology and phase composition of “golden wire and iron wire” were analyzed by three-dimensional video microscopy， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS）， and Raman spectrometry. The results show that the “golden wire and iron wire” on the glaze surface of the Laohudong kiln wares are mainly distributed inside the cracks of the glaze layer. The continuity of the “golden wire” is poor， while that of the “iron wire” is good. In some areas， the “golden wire” and “iron wire” overlap. The phase components of the “golden wire” area of the celadon from the Laohudong kiln are mainly lepidocrocite ［γ-FeO（OH）］， hematite （α-Fe₂O₃） and quartz （SiO₂）. In contrast， those of the “iron wire” area are mainly biochar （C）， pyrite （FeS₂） and quartz. The “golden wire” phase of the celadon from the “Nanhai No.1” shipwreck is mainly hematite and quartz， while the “iron wire” phase is pyrite and quartz. No biochar was detected. The “golden wire” of the celadon from the Laohudong kiln is the result of deposition of corrosion products during the burial process， and the “iron wire” belongs to the artificially controlled glaze decoration techniques. The similar “golden wire and iron wire” of the porcelain from the “Nanhai No.1” shipwreck are all deposits of corrosion products during the burial process， among which the iron deposits are significantly affected by environmental factors.

The Sanxingdui site in Guanghan， Sichuan， represents a significant archaeological discovery in southwestern China. The jade artifacts unearthed from its sacrificial area exhibit notable variations in preservation， with some showing severe whitening and powdery deterioration. Representative jade samples unearthed from sacrificial pits were selected， and their corrosion characteristics were studied by using optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy-X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry （SEM-EDS）， and Raman spectrometry. The results indicate that some jade artifacts had undergone heating processes prior to burial. In the tremolite jade artifacts that were partially pyroxeneized at high temperatures， the corroded areas are loose， with crystals exposed within the corrosion holes. Severely powdered and whitened diopside was formed through the thermal transformation of tremolite， exhibiting fractured morphologies and numerous pores. The whitened calcite jade artifacts are also heavily corroded， with fissures throughout the material and various inclusions， such as mica， hematite， and quartz⁃calcite mixtures. Furthermore， diverse crystal structures were observed in the whitened calcite， which may be closely related to its recrystallization process after heat treatment. Understanding the corrosion and deterioration mechanisms of these jade artifacts can provide valuable insights into their proper conservation and preservation.

Corrosion products of organic salts on the surfaces of cultural heritage artifacts are commonly found in the form of metal formates and acetates. These compounds can persist and exacerbate corrosion， particularly in enclosed display or storage environments， thereby posing a significant threat to the long⁃term stability of these objects. The Qingdao Museum houses a substantial collection of historically valuable bronze artifacts. In recent years， blue green corrosion products have been observed on the surfaces of several bronze mirrors； however， their precise composition and formation mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study employs a series of analytical techniques，including scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）， confocal raman spectroscopy， fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， and X-ray diffraction （XRD），to characterize the phase composition of these corrosion products. The results reveal a microstructure composed of white crystals and layered， plate⁃like blue green crystals. The major identified compounds include sodium acetate trihydrate ［Na（CH₃COO）·3H₂O］， chloride⁃containing sodium copper carbonate acetate ［NaCu（CO₃）（CH₃COO）］， and basic copper formate ［Cu₂（OH）₃（HCOO）］.These findings not only provide a new case study of the formation of organic acid⁃induced corrosion in bronze artifacts but also offer a scientific basis for optimizing environmental conditions for the preservation of metal heritage materials in museums.

As a key waterproofing material used in the construction of ancient wooden ships， the organic components of the jointing material （caulking material） are crucial for maintaining the water tightness of the hull. In order to identify the organic components of the caulking material used in the “NanhaiⅠ”shipwreck， dating from the Southern Song Dynasty， a comparative analysis was conducted between raw tung oil and modern tung oil⁃based caulking material using mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the specific free fatty acids and oxidation products of unsaturated fatty acids in tung oil can serve as markers for the identification of tung oil in caulking materials. Further， the caulking material samples from the “NanhaiⅠ”shipwreck were analyzed by ultra⁃performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF/MS）.Five specific fatty acids， namely α⁃tung acid， linoleic acid， oleic acid， palmitic acid and stearic acid， as well as the oxidation products of unsaturated fatty acids （α⁃tung acid， linoleic acid and oleic acid） were successfully identified. The results show that the organic component of the caulking material used in the “NanhaiⅠ”shipwreck is tung oil. This discovery not only provides an important reference for the study of ancient shipbuilding techniques but also offers a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of sunken ships.

The glazed pottery cultural relics from the “NanhaiⅠ” shipwreck were desalinated using deionized water as the desalting solvent in a self⁃designed vacuum desalination device. The desalination effects of the vacuum method and the flowing water method were compared through ion content determination， electrical conductivity and chloride ion concentration measurements， microscopic morphology observations and elemental composition analysis. After desalination for 48 hours， the dechlorination amounts of the vacuum method and the flowing water method account for 78.94% and 41.52% of the total dechlorination amounts， respectively.When the desalination endpoint was reached， the vacuum method removed a total of 44.66 mg of chloride ions， corresponding to a desalination rate of 1.31 mg/d.In contrast， the flowing water method removed a total of 20.11 mg of chloride ions， resulting in a lower desalination rate of 0.65 mg/d. The results confirm that the vacuum desalination method has a higher desalination rate.After vacuum desalination， the salt in the glazed pottery has been essentially completely removed， and no obvious NaCl crystals were observed. However， after flowing water desalination， a small amount of NaCl crystals were still found remaining in the glaze layer cross⁃section， indicating that the vacuum desalination method is superior to the flowing water method.

The Dazu Rock Carvings are the largest group of grotto statues in southern China. The sandstone statues， located in the Sanqing ancient cave in the Nanshan Rock Carvings area （excavated during the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty），exhibit typical disease characteristics，including matrix weathering and erosion of the painted layer，resulting from the long⁃term influence of geological forces and human factors.The weathering characteristics of the sandstone in the Sanqing ancient cave statues have been systematically studied using multi⁃scale characterization techniques， such as scanning electron microscopy， X⁃ray diffraction， Raman spectroscopy， ion chromatography and laser particle size analysis.The results show that the mineral composition of relatively fresh sandstone is mainly quartz， calcite and feldspar， with secondary products such as clinochlore and raw gypsum generated after weathering of the sandstone.Microstructurally， weathered sandstone is characterized by the dissolution of cements to form a porous network structure， as well as the crystallization and enrichment of gypsum in the surface layer and within the pores of the rock.Compared with fresh sandstone， the content of SO {}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-} in weathered sandstone increased by about 214-526 times， and the content of Ca²⁺ increased by about 19-43 times. The proportion of sand particles （particle size >75 μm） decreased by 1.89%-26.68%（volume fraction）， and the proportions of silt particles （particle size of 5-75 μm） and clay particles （particle size <5 μm） increased by 1.84%-19.47% and 0.06%-7.34%， respectively.The transformation and migration of sand particles into silt and clay particles confirms that the mineral transformation during weathering directly leads to the physical fragmentation and fine⁃graining of sandstone.The results provide a reference for the analysis of the weathering mechanism of grotto statues and the formulation of protection strategies for similar stone cultural relics.

The iron anchor artifacts found at Pujindu in Shanxi Province are severely corroded. In order to provide a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of such iron cultural relics， the corrosion products and corrosion mechanisms of the iron anchor from this site have been investigated.The burial environment， surface morphology， rust products and rust layer structure of the iron anchor cultural relics were studied using stereomicroscopy， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS）， X⁃ray fluorescence analysis （XRF）， laser confocal Raman spectrometry， X⁃ray diffractometry （XRD） and ion chromatography， and the corrosion mechanism was analyzed.The results show that the anchor material is gray cast iron， and the cast iron structure includes ferrite， cementite and graphite. Graphite is uniformly distributed in an irregular flaky form in cementite and ferrite.The moisture content of the soil around the anchor is relatively high （7.21%）， the pH is close to neutral （7.156）， and the concentration of corrosive Cl^- reaches a moderately hazardous level.The layers of mud and rust on the surface of the anchor exhibit a distinct stratification phenomenon. The outer and middle layers of the mud layer are mainly composed of stable rust components such as α⁃FeOOH.The inner layer of the mud layer， as well as the outer and middle layers of the rust layer， are mainly composed of components such as α⁃FeOOH， Fe₃O₄， Fe₂O₃， and γ⁃FeOOH， indicating that the rusting reaction is still ongoing. The unstable γ⁃FeOOH continues to be oxidized into stable α⁃FeOOH and Fe₃O₄， confirming that a chloride⁃free mechanism is responsible for the observed corrosion.The inner layer of the rust layer is loose and mainly composed of α⁃FeOOH， γ⁃FeOOH， Fe₃O₄， and FeOCl. The harmful rust substance β⁃FeOOH was detected in the cracks， indicating that Cl^- can penetrate the interior through the cavities of β⁃FeOOH and the cracks in the rust layer and participate in corrosion， resulting in the formation of FeOCl. FeOCl further transforms into harmful rust β⁃FeOOH， confirming the presence of a chloride⁃containing corrosion cycle mechanism.

Cultural heritage data records information about cultural artifacts， showcasing the splendor of Chinese civilization. It serves as a fundamental resource for achieving the creative transformation and innovative development of China’s outstanding traditional culture. However， the production of this data involves multiple stakeholders， presenting pressing practical challenges such as an unclear definition of property rights， disorderly open access and utilization， and inadequate safety oversight. Based on the types and characteristics of cultural heritage data， this paper studies and analyzes the ownership rights. It proposes types， scenarios， approaches， and processes for the open access and utilization of cultural heritage data. Furthermore， it examines the potential risks associated with open access and utilization. It also offers safety oversight recommendations， thereby constructing a preliminary framework for the open access and utilization of cultural heritage data.

This study utilizes hyperspectral cube data collected from artificially aged Xuan paper samples， in combination with viscosity parameters that reflect the degree of paper aging， to establish a greedy partial least squares regression （PLSR） model for evaluating paper aging. The model was applied to assess the extent of aging of paper samples from Chinese calligraphy and paintings in the Nanjing Museum. The greedy PLSR model developed using artificially aged Xuan paper samples can effectively estimate the viscosity of Xuan paper used in Chinese calligraphy and paintings （with an error <10%）， providing a highly reliable method for evaluating the aging of Xuan paper. However， the model shows larger estimation errors for other types of paper such as bamboo and machine-made paper， primarily due to differences in fiber structure and composition. Future research should expand the sample types and optimize spectral feature extraction and model adaptability to enhance the generalization capability for aging assessment of different paper materials.